Discover Magazine just published a well written, if not too-eager-to-be-”fair” article on Islam and science, entitled “Science and Islam” in its printed version and “Science and Islam in Conflict” in its web version (*clears throat*).
Before I go into the highlights of the article, let me touch upon a few facts that the article doesn’t discuss in depth–the Golden Age of Islam. To understand the decline in science in today’s Arab world, one has to understand about it’s Golden Age.
The Golden Age of Islam lasted from around 750 AD to about 1258 AD when the Mongols invaded and destroyed the Abbasid Islamic Empire (with its capital in Baghdad). Historians assign the start of the Golden Age to the ancient city of Samarqand (in modern-day Uzbekistan). Following the Koran edict that “the scholar’s ink is more sacred than the blood of martyrs”, when the locals captured invading Chinese they forced them to build and operate a paper mill. Thus, Samarqand became the book-making capital of the Arab World. Other factors that contributed to the Golden Age were encouragement of scholarship, geographic unity, a unified language, and The House of Wisdom.
So at the source of the Discover article stands the question of what happened to the Muslim scientific tradition?
The Islamic world looms large in the history of science, and there were long periods when Cairo—in Arabic, El Qahira, meaning “the victorious”—was a leading star in the Arabic universe of learning. Islam is in many ways more tolerant of scientific study than is Christian fundamentalism. It does not, for example, argue that the world is only 6,000 years old. Cloning research that does not involve people is becoming more widely accepted. In recent times, though, knowledge in Egypt has waned. And who is accountable for the decline?
The article explores a number of answers:
From blame placed on the Westerners,
El-Naggar has no doubts. “We are not behind because of Islam,” he says. “We are behind because of what the Americans and the British have done to us.”
To politics,
People and the authorities are still grappling with religion’s place in Egyptian society, resulting in a situation similar to one in Europe during the time of Copernicus and Galileo, when scientific knowledge was considered threatening to the prevailing religious power structure. For now, the door on freedom of thought has nearly been shut. As Soltan points out, “Cairo University has not received Western professors since the 1950s, and because of the turmoil in the country, many professors who didn’t like the regime were excluded from the university.”
To dogma,
He [Jordanian Senator Adnan Badran, who has a Ph.D. in molecular biology from Michigan State University] blames a tradition that began with the Ottomans in the 1500s: lowering educational standards and promoting dogma. “We were open. Islam was open, a strong belief with dialogue. It was tolerant, mixing with other civilizations. Then we shifted to being dogmatic. Once you’re dogmatic, you are boxed in,” he says. “If you step outside the box, you’re marginalized—and then you’re out. So you go west.”
The article is beautifully supported by stories of scientists who are striving to change the state of science in the Arab World. A must read.